The Basic Elements of Ancient Religions free essay sample

In order to correctly, and more importantly, accurately discuss the basic elements of ancient religions, one needs to unravel the complex word that is â€Å"religion†. Before I carry on, the reader must understand that over history, there have been many different translations of religion, but interestingly enough, although they may be different, the majority of the translations carry the same fundamental message. According to many religious scholars over the many millennia of recorded religious history, the etymology of the term â€Å"religion† is accredited as being Latin or Late Latin in origin (â€Å"religonem†, or â€Å"relegare† depending on which school of thought you come from), with the modern English term being derived from the Anglo-French word â€Å"religiun† meaning â€Å"state of life, bound to monastic vows† or â€Å"conduct indicating a belief in a divine power†. However, many post-Classic etymologists (and some modern ones) have connected â€Å"religion† with the Latin word â€Å"religare† which means â€Å"to bind fast† or â€Å"to reconnect†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Basic Elements of Ancient Religions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This explanation might seem irrelevant for this topic, but I feel it is a crucial part of the history that is â€Å"religion† and therefore is crucial to the elements that make up â€Å"religion†. If one looks deeper into the prehistoric psyche of earliest man, one finds that the very earliest forms of religion are a result of the following of man’s basic social and psychological needs: †¢Understanding – the human traits of critical capacity, curiosity, and intuition †¢Identity – the need to belong to something and the elevation of one’s self-esteem The first basic element of religion is the belief that there are supernatural and/or superhuman beings and/or forces that created the world and those forces control everything that happens within the world. This â€Å"belief† satisfies the human being’s need for understanding – the understanding of his own existence, the understanding of the creation of himself and the world he lives in and the understanding of the uncontrollable events that happen in this world. The second basic element of religion is the symbolic structure followed by the different religions. Again this element ties in with one of mankind’s fundamental needs – the need of identity. Different religions adopted symbols and signs according to the deity, god or numen that they believed in. According to the Wikipedia encyclopedia, a symbol is defined as the following: â€Å"A symbol is something such as an object, picture, written word, a sound, a piece of music, or particular mark that represents (or stands for) something else by association, resemblance, or convention, especially a material object used to represent something invisible. Therefore, one can deduce from the above definition, that the first â€Å"religious leaders or believers† introduced symbols specific to their deity, god or numen, for the following purposes: †¢To represent the said deity, god or numen †¢To associate its followers †¢To represent the deity, god or numen †¢To represent what values the said religion, and/or deity, god or numen, stood for Examples of these can be found through history and some rudimentary symbols can be found in prehistory. An example of th is is the discovery by associate professor Shelia Coulson (University of Oslo). In the summer of 2006, Coulson along with some Master’s students, were doing a study into the origin of the Sanpeople amongst the Tsodilo Hills in Ngamiland, Botswana, when they came across the startling discovery. Amongst the â€Å"sacred† hills, there was a rock carved in the shape of a python’s head as well as a ritual cave. The importance of this find for the archaeological scholars was that the python rock, the ritual cave, and various artifacts found in the cave had been scientifically proven to be around 70 000 years old. This was amazing because current historical thought was that religion only existed around 40 000 years ago. Therefore, as proven by the above-mentioned example, even at the earliest outset of religion, symbols were being made and used. These symbols, through the period of history, have evolved since our ancient ancestors started using them, but the principles behind religious symbols are exactly the same now as they were thousands of years ago.

Free Essays on A SUMMARY OF BEOWULF, 74-94

Beowulf, English’s oldest poem, depicts a story of a struggle of good and evil. The second half of Beowulf begins with a certain thief who has broken into the lair of the great guard-dragon and has stolen a precious gem. This single act sent the dragon parading his anger throughout, spitting fire over the entire town. Many homes were destroyed including the home of the famed Beowulf. Angered over this intentional act of violence, Beowulf swims across the vast sea to confront the dragon. Dressed in his battle armor, Beowulf enticed the dragon by yelling into his deep earth-cave. The dragon ascended from his den, spitting balls of fire everywhere. Standing his ground, Beowulf prepared for battle. The fight started and the dragon seemed to be prevailing. With one great strike, the dragon was clinched onto Beowulf’s body with a death grip. To aid his lord, Wiglaf entered the fight, sinking his sword deep in the back of the dragon. Beowulf seized the opportunity a nd stabbed the dragon on the underside with his dagger. Beowulf’s stab proved to be the deathblow for the dragon. Unfortunately, the dragon did not die before leaving his mark on history. The bite inflicted by the dragon to Beowulf was also a death wound. Realizing his hours of life were short, Beowulf ordered Wiglaf to go and gaze upon the treasures hidden in the dragon’s cave. Obeying his order, Wiglaf entered the den to find many wonderful treasures. Wiglaf took a few items back for Beowulf to see. Upon his return, he found Beowulf very near death. Beowulf gave kingship to Wiglaf and ordered a great barrow to be built for his grave. The story concludes with many great warriors circling Beowulf’s pyre, praising what a great king, warrior, and leader he was.... Free Essays on A SUMMARY OF BEOWULF, 74-94 Free Essays on A SUMMARY OF BEOWULF, 74-94 Beowulf, English’s oldest poem, depicts a story of a struggle of good and evil. The second half of Beowulf begins with a certain thief who has broken into the lair of the great guard-dragon and has stolen a precious gem. This single act sent the dragon parading his anger throughout, spitting fire over the entire town. Many homes were destroyed including the home of the famed Beowulf. Angered over this intentional act of violence, Beowulf swims across the vast sea to confront the dragon. Dressed in his battle armor, Beowulf enticed the dragon by yelling into his deep earth-cave. The dragon ascended from his den, spitting balls of fire everywhere. Standing his ground, Beowulf prepared for battle. The fight started and the dragon seemed to be prevailing. With one great strike, the dragon was clinched onto Beowulf’s body with a death grip. To aid his lord, Wiglaf entered the fight, sinking his sword deep in the back of the dragon. Beowulf seized the opportunity a nd stabbed the dragon on the underside with his dagger. Beowulf’s stab proved to be the deathblow for the dragon. Unfortunately, the dragon did not die before leaving his mark on history. The bite inflicted by the dragon to Beowulf was also a death wound. Realizing his hours of life were short, Beowulf ordered Wiglaf to go and gaze upon the treasures hidden in the dragon’s cave. Obeying his order, Wiglaf entered the den to find many wonderful treasures. Wiglaf took a few items back for Beowulf to see. Upon his return, he found Beowulf very near death. Beowulf gave kingship to Wiglaf and ordered a great barrow to be built for his grave. The story concludes with many great warriors circling Beowulf’s pyre, praising what a great king, warrior, and leader he was....

Homeland Securtiy. Post-Mortem of the US Governments Response to the Essay

Homeland Securtiy. Post-Mortem of the US Governments Response to the Times Square Cesium Terrorist - Essay Example On the day of the attack, Times Square had its normal amount of visitors and wind conditions were calm. Immediately after the attack, NYPD and NYFD were quick to respond, but later crisis and radiation management efforts by the EPA were slow and hindered rescue efforts. Abstract This memo was created as the result of a post-hoc examination of the Times Square cesium terrorist attack. It aims to highlight the significance of long- and short-term fatalities, cost of property damage, and loss of public confidence in safety as outcomes of radiological attacks; and because of this significance, uses these outcomes to measure the relative success of the federal government’s response to this attack. Furthermore, this memo attempts to highlight areas that could have been improved before the attack to prevent this level of devastation, including better management of existing resources, better protection of existing radiological supplies, and a better understanding of the nuclear terrorist threat. Lastly, this memo aims to highlight the previously unexpected outcome of wind to show the effect confounding variables can have on the federal, state, and local governments’ responses to crises like this. ... Kelly stated that, â€Å"The Committee will undoubtedly agree that the danger presented by modest radiological sources that are comparatively easy to obtain is significant,† (Kelly 2002). In his article â€Å"Nuclear Terrorism Reconsidered†, Gavin Cameron offers an explanation of a terrorist’s motivation to use these weapons by saying, â€Å"The technical feasibility of radiological terrorism make it by far the most likely form of nuclear weapon. [†¦] Radiological weapons would, like nuclear-yield weapons, set a group apart and take its terrorism to a different level† (Cameron 1999). In this quote, Cameron shows why radiological terrorism remains such an appealing style of attack for many terrorists: this type of attack instills the same public fear as a nuclear attack yet is much more technologically in-reach for many terrorist groups. There are several factors that contribute to the effectiveness of a radiological terrorist device. Among these are à ¢â‚¬Å"the amount of material released, the nature of the material, the details of the device that distributes the material, the direction and speed of the wind, other weather conditions, the size of the particles released, [†¦] and the location and size of buildings near the release site† (Kelly 2002). All of these variables are important in the process of assessing the damage caused by an attack and potential evacuation and decontamination plans. Because of these uncertainties, estimations of the impact of such a weapon are extremely inaccurate and difficult to interpret. Outcomes Fatalities Fatalities are the most obvious measureable outcome of a radiological terrorist attack, yet may not be the most informative in this attack. In a radiological attack, fatalities must be divided into short-term and long-term fatalities.

Comparative Paper Between the Bible and the Quran Research

Comparative Between the Bible and the Quran - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that one’s practical approach must be to agree on the issues on which there are no misunderstandings or disagreements. Be silent on other issues-either believe or disbelieve. Read them if you wish; do not read them if you do not wish. This is the practical example of mutual tolerance, which is applicable in the secular world also. Silence is the greatest virtue that can be practiced, when one senses tension on any issue, for human history is the witness—contentious issues have never been solved through violence or wars! This paper makes a conclusion that the differences and contentions about Noah’s flood etc. may not be a major issue as for the relationship between two faiths, but as we all know a tiny spark on religious misunderstandings may lead to a wild fire. The mind-level human sentiments are easily inflamed. This story about the flood and Noah’s Ark is one of the most read stories in the Bible. It involves tragedy and it is a story of salvation. The story of destruction of mankind and its re-growth kindles deep curiosity and gives the grim reminder as to what could have been the conditions and sufferings of all those affected, when a gigantic flood drowns them all. It raises serious questions about the then prevailing conditions in the society as to warrant such an action by God! It also instructs humanity to be away from the evil influences and lead a divine life, surrendering everything at the hands of the All-Merciful! He knows what is good for us in the given circumstances o f life!

Fidel Castro articulated a revolutionary vision in his 1953 trial Essay

Fidel Castro articulated a revolutionary vision in his 1953 trial defense, known as History Will Absolve Me. Upon what doc - Essay Example Castro was arrested and was sentenced to prison for fifteen years. During his trial in 1959, Fidel Castro had offered a long four-hour speech supporting the cause of the attack he had led and defended himself. This speech was later published in the form of a manifesto in the July 26th Movement which ultimately overthrew the then ruling Batista government and came to power in 1959 1. In the four hour long speech, Fidel Castro tried to speak about how he was denied justice and a fair legal aid. He spoke of how the jurist who was appointed to defend him was not given the permission to meet Castro in the required times. And this was the reason why he chose to defend himself in the trial. The revolutionary instances in the speech In the trial, Castro spoke about the positive intentions behind his actions. He recalled how he was questioned by the prosecutor and a large group of twenty defense attorneys. He had provided them with the correct facts and figures as well as the amount of money spent. He also mentioned the way the money was gathered and the arms rounded up. Castro was fearless in his trial and tried to hide nothing. He mentioned that it was achieved by the sacrifices of the country men who did not have any precedent seen in the history of the Cuban Republic. Fidel had spoken of the missions which inspired them in their national struggle. He also spoke of the humane and generous treatment which the party had faced in times of their adversaries. He stressed that if he was able to mention that the persons falsely accused in the trial were not related with him in any way, it was only because of his comrades and party members who were brave enough to accept their roles. He further mentioned that no amount of pain or suffering could deter their determination in being called as revolutionaries or patriots to their motherland. He spoke of how he and his comrades were kept separate from each other but they all ended up having the same plan and thinking. He then sai d then when revolutionary men carry the same ideals burning in their hearts no form of barrier could isolate them whether it is a prison wall or a sod of cemeteries. It was a single memory, one spirit, a single idea, a combined conscience and a single dignity that helped to sustain them2. He spoke of the different treacherous lies and deceits that were hurled against the freedom fighters. He spoke of the inhuman conditions in which the Cuban revolutionaries were treated3. In another instant, Castro spoke about how he was dishonored by the army personnel who also violated the orders of the court. Castro was even denied from talking with his peers4. These sentiments helped in fuelling the nationalist sentiment and the revolutionary struggle. Key revolutionary laws Fidel Castro had said that dictatorship is an unconstitutional feature5. Castro said that there were five revolutionary laws which could have been implemented after the capture of Moncada Barracks. The first revolutionary la w would return sovereignty and power to its people which would help to proclaim the 1940 Constitution that is the Supreme Law of the State6. The second revolutionary law was to give non-mortgageable as well as non-transferable possession of the land to all the tenants as well as subtenant farmers, lessees, the share croppers and the squatters who were found to hold five caballerias of the lands or even less. The third revolutionary

Communication Processes and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Communication Processes and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Introduction Communication is extremely important to organisations and individual alike. The effectiveness of the communication will directly relate to the success of the organisation and the achievements of the individuals within it. Communication in the retail industry is all important to survival and profitability. The successful retailer is constantly developing a network of communication channels to customers, distributors, financial institutions, the government and employees. Each of these groups is composed of people with differing interests and cannot be reached by the same communication channels. Similarly, employees need skills for a range of communication activities that are used a daily in the retail environment. These include written communication, verbal communication and an understanding of non-verbal communication. There is also an increasing need for retailers and staff to adopt and effectively use new communication technology such as integrated computer systems with functions su ch as e-mail, customer data bases and Internet information access. Because communication is a central factor in the emerging knowledge economy and a major consideration for anyone entering todays workforce, we need to look more closely at the total process of communication. Purposes of communication are the transmission of information and meaning from one individual or group to another. The crucial element in this definition is meaning. Communication has as its central objective the transmission of meaning. The process of communication is successful only when the receiver understands an idea as the sender intended it. Both parties must agree not only on the information transmittee but also on the meaning of that information. Communication Process Sender Has Idea The process of communication begins when the person with whom the message originates the sender has an idea. The form of the idea will be influenced by complex factors surrounding the senders mood, frame of reference, background, culture, and physical makeup, as well we the context of the situation and many other factors. The way you greet people on campus or on the job, for example, depends a lot on how you feel, whom you are addressing (a classmate, a professor, a colleague, or your boss), and what your culture has trained you to say (Good morning, Hey, Hi, Howdy, or How ya doing?). The form of idea, whether a simple greeting or a complex idea, is shaped by assumptions based on the senders experiences. A manager sending an e-mail announcement to employees assumes that will be receptive, whereas direct-mail advertisers assume that receivers will give only a quick glance to their message. The ability to accurately predict how a message will affect its receiver and skill in adapting that message to its receiver are key factors in successful communication. Sender Encodes Idea in Message The next step in the communication process involves encoding. This means converting the idea into words or gestures that will convey meaning. A major problem in communicating any message verbally is that words have different meanings for different people. When misunderstood, skilled communicators choose familiar words with concrete meanings on which both senders and receivers agree. In selecting proper symbols, senders must be alert to the receivers communication skills, attitudes, background, experiences, and culture. Message Travels Over Channel The medium over which the message is physically transmitted is the channel. Messages may be delivered by computer, telephone, cell phone, letter, memorandum, report, announcement, picture, spoken word, fax, Web page, or through some other channel. Because communication channels deliver both verbal and nonverbal messages, senders must choose the channel and shape the message carefully. A company may use its annual report, for example, as a channel to deliver many messages to stockholders. The verbal message lies in the reports financial and organization news. Nonverbal messages, though, are conveyed by the reports appearance (showy versus bland), layout (ample white space versus tightly packed columns of print), and tone (conversational versus formal). Anything that interrupts the transmission of a message in the communication process is called noise. Channel noise rangers from static that disrupts a telephone conversation to typographical and spelling errors in a letter or e-mail message. Such errors damage the credibility of the sender. Channel noise might even include the annoyance a receiver feels when the sender chooses an improper medium for sending a message, such as announcing a loan rejection via postcard or firing an employee by e-mail. Receiver Decodes Message The individual for whom the message is intended is the receiver. Translating the message from its symbol form into meaning involves decoding. Only when the receiver understands the meaning intended by the sender that is, successfully decodes the message does communication take place. Such success, however, is difficult to achieve because no two people share the same life experiences and because many barriers can disrupt the process. Decoding can be disrupted internally by the receivers lack of attention to or bias against the sender. It can be disrupted externally by loud sounds or illegible words. Decoding can also be sidetracked by semantic obstacles, such as misunderstood words or emotional reactions to certain terms. A memo that refers to all the women in an office as girls or chicks, for example, may disturb its receivers so much that they fail to comprehend the total message. Feedback Travels to Sender The verbal and nonverbal responses of the receiver create feedback, a vital part of the communication process. Feedback helps the sender know that the message was received and understood. If, as a receiver, you hear the message Hoe are you, your feedback might consist of words (Im fine) or body language (a smile or a wave of the hand). Although the receiver may respond with additional feedback to the sender (thus creating a new act of communication), we will concentrate here on the initial message flowing to the receiver and the resulting feedback. Senders can encourage feedback by asking questions such as, Am I making myself clear? And is there anything you dont understand? Senders can further improve feedback by timing the delivery appropriately and by providing only as much information as the receiver can handle. Receivers can improve the process by paraphrasing the senders message with comments, such as, Let me try to explain that in my own words. The best feedback is descriptive rather than evaluate. For example, heres a descriptive response. I understand you want to launch a used gold ball business. Heres an evaluative response. Your business ideas are always goofy. An evaluative response is judgemental and doesnt tell the sender whether the receiver actually understood the message. Common forms of communication use in hospitality and tourism industry there are: Auditory communication Visual communication Tactile communication Multichannel communication Auditory communication is where messages are perceived through the sense of hearing. Words, music, sounds and noises take part in this type of communication. In the hospitality sector we can establish auditory communication through different media according to activity and objectives such as: direct conversation or face to face communication, phone conversation and radio broadcasting. Visual communication is where messages are perceived through sight. Sign, gesture and images are very important when communicating. There are different media such as, letters, complaint forms, contracts, invoices, labels and leaflets. Tactile communication is where messages are perceived through the sense of touch. Affection is conveyed through tactile sensations. Shaking hands or tapping someones shoulder can have positive or negative effects, so it is necessary to be very respectful in this matter and know cultural conventions. There are different mediums such as greetings at meetings and negotiations. Multichannel communication is where messages are perceived through different senses at a time. There are different media through which this is possible such as television, video and computer. Conclusion Managers need complete and correct information in order to perform their functions efficiently and effectively. If such information is not properly communicated, the whole organisation suffers from mismanagement. For instance, business planning, requires information on available resources, strength of competitors, government policies, and other external factors. Such information provides very important inputs for management to be able to formulate the right objectives and strategies for achieving its goal. Proper communication is again needed. Decision-making is a crucial function of management. It greatly depends on accurate information. Wrong information means wrong decisions; hence, the need for proper communication. Likewise, good communication is needed in controlling. However, it is in leading or directing where effective communication is most needed. People have to be influenced or motivated to think and move towards the right directions; to achieve peak performance; and to act in consonance with the culture of the organization. These clearly require a lot of communication. Managers do not only deal with their peers and subordinates, but also with customers, suppliers, and bankers. Their success in dealing with the said outsiders greatly depends on their ability to communicate. Customers are No.1 in any business organization. Without customers, there is no business. To create customers and satisfy them are certainly big jobs for communication. These require proper planning, organizing, and implementation of marketing strategies. All the said activities depend on effective communication. Introduction Motivation is to supply a motive to and also be the motive of. The willingness to exert high levels of effort to organisational goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual needs. It is also to cause a person to act in a particular way. Stimulate the interest of a person in an activity. This definition is a good example of the problems associated with the concept of motivation. In essence, there seem to be two conflicting views of motivation. In one way, the definition indicates that motivation is where someone (perhaps a team leader) causes someone else (a team member) to act in a certain way. In other way, it appears that motivation is something that someone uses as a motive for doing things. This apparent conflict reflects an ongoing debate research into motivation. Traditional views of leadership and motivation reflected a passive view of motivation. In effect, people required strong leaders to motivate them towards certain goals. If someone says they are demotivated and we offer them a bag of cash or threaten to sack them, and then they get on with the task in hand, what has happened? This approach to motivation implies that the leader had to motivate his or her team member through various rewards and/or punishments. Motivation is described, usually, as intentional. That is, motivation is assumed to be under the workers control, and behaviours that are influenced by motivation, such as effort expended, are seen as choices of action. One can look at motivation as a deficiency, a need that must be fulfilled. Hunger is a motivation- it is an internal force, food. Before you can motivate your staff, you must first understand what motivates each employee in his or her specific job position. As a manager with human resources responsibilities it is easy to realize that differences exist between what motivates hourly and management employees. What makes a job interesting to a group of hourly employees is different from what makes a job interesting to a group of managers. Furthermore, what one employee may find interesting may not be of any interest to another employee. No matter what, there will be some jobs in the hospitality industry that just cannot be made interesting. There are some motivation theories that the organization must understand in order to motivate their employees to excel at their jobs. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Abraham identified the whys of motivation theory. His theory (Hierarchy of Needs) states that man is motivated by satisfying a set of needs common to all individuals. In ascending order of importance these are: Physiological needs (food, clothing, and shelter). Safety/security needs (freedom from fear of losing job, clothing and shelter). Acceptance needs (to belong and be accepted by others). Esteem needs (status, prestige, and power). Self-actualization needs (maximize ones potential). Maslow believed that until the physiological needs are satisfied, the other would not serve as motivators. Furthermore, once a need is met, it no longer acts as a motivator, and another need takes its place. One of the problems with Maslows theory is that although it works in life situations, it is not applicable to work settings. Hertzbergs two-factor theory identified job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction as separate elements that are not polar opposites of each other. The two-factor concept states that job factors generally regarded as motivators should actually be divided into two groups: one consisting of motivation factors (or satisfiers) and one consisting of maintenance factors (dissatisfies or hygiene). Because job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction do not balance each other out, the elimination of a dissatisfier does not necessarily lead to job satisfaction. Motivation factors include such conditions as recognition, achievement, advancement, and responsibility. Hygiene factors include working conditions, company policies, and salary. One of Hertzbergs major conclusions was that money was not a motivator. Hertzberg believes that if motivation factors are present in the workplace, employees will be motivated; if such factors are not present, then motivation will not occur. If hygiene factors are present, then employees will be satisfied with their work; if such factors are not present, then employees will be dissatisfied. Hygiene factors in no way affect motivation, whether they are present or absent. Expectancy theory is one of the more implementable motivation theories. The theory states that a person will be motivated when the individual perceives a link between what he or she is doing and the expected reward. The higher the effort, the greater the reward and vice versa. It is important that the reward is attainable and that your human resources will feel rewarded for the effort they produce. Pay-for-performance compensation systems operate on this principle. Fixed hourly wages and salaries do not motivate because there is no link between effort and reward. For the reward to operate as a motivator, the employee must value attainment of the reward, the employee must see a link between his or her work efforts and receiving the reward, and the individual must possess the abilities and skills to do the job. Money as a motivator, the motivational value of money may change after a persons basic needs have been reasonably well satisfied. Because human beings have a way of continually redefining their needs, whether money will motivate is to some degree a matter of the amount the employee is already earning. Therefore, while some people will be more motivated to work for money, companies find that for most employees other things are equally, if not more important. Job enrichment, Hertzberg proposed the idea of job enrichment as a reaction to the KITA (kick-in-the-ass) motivational approach there are most managers practicing. Job enrichment is based on that the only way to motivate employees is to give them challenging work in which they can assume responsibility. This strategy includes modifying jobs so that they are more meaningful and give the employee an opportunity for recognition and greater responsibility. Motivational effectiveness, there is no consensus on how best to motivate your work force. As a human resources manager, consideration needs to be given to several factors that involve human resources functions other than development. Selection procedures need to be effective so that individuals are places in job positions that they are capable of performing. Training programs must be effective in ensuring that our employees have the necessary skills, and evaluation procedures must be in place to monitor employees performance. Compensation practices needs to be developed that link performance and pay. Furthermore, these practices must all be viewed as fair; that poor performance is not tolerated, high performance is recognized. If your work force is to be motivated, they must believe that extra effort and superior performance is of benefit to them. Rewards do not have to be monetary. Flexible work hours, recognized achievement, increased responsibility, and the opportunity to develop personal and career goals work directly toward a motivated work force has to create desire, commitment, and confidence in your employees. Communication channels have to be open and organizational goals clearly defined. Conclusion There is always an interesting group of drives in every human being that determines how we interact with the world around us. The basic survival drives, like the need for food and water, are not as evident in the workplace as some of our other instincts-our need for activity, curiosity, and manipulation. People need to be active. The level of activity we seek differs tremendously, but, generally, people dislike being confined in a small space with nothing to do. People also have a drive to explore new and unknown places and stimuli. We have a preference for complexity over simplicity, because complexity is more interesting. We also have a tendency to enjoy manipulation; we want to touch, play with, and handle specific objects. These very basic needs have far-reaching implications for the design of jobs and of workplaces. No wonder boring, repetitive, or make-work jobs, even if they are easy, lead to burn out frustration, and even sabotage (just to liven things up.)

Walkabout Essay -- Australia Aborigines Literature Essays

Walkabout This story is about two children who are stranded in the Australian outback after a plane crash. By chance they meet an Aborigine boy who is on his walkabout. From these two different groups of people meeting each other, it shows the reader how much people can learn from others and how different we all are. Mary’s first inclination is to mother Peter. She feels responsible for him and he depends on her. But she feels inadequate in this new environment. ‘Always she had protected Peter, had smoothed things out and made them easy for him – molly-coddled him like an anxious hen, her father had once said. But how could she protect him now?’ Then the bush boy comes across their path and things become tense between the children and aborigine. The very first thing Mary notices about the Aborigine is that he is very black and naked. She finds this very disturbing, ‘The thing that she couldn’t accept, the thing that seemed to her shockingly and indecently wrong, was the fact that the boy was naked.’ As the two cultures confront each other they just stare at each other in disbelief and wonder, ‘Between them the distance was less than the spread of an outstretched arm, but more than a hundred thousand years.’ ‘They had climbed a long way up the ladder of progress; they had climbed so far, in fact, that they had forgotten how their climb had started’ They had had everything provided for them and had never had to fend for themselves. ‘It was very different with the Aboriginal way of life. He knew what reality was. Their lives were unbelievably simple compared to the aborigine. They had no homes, no crops, no clothes, no possessions. The few things they had they shared: food and wives; children and l... ...least offended by it. Peter and Mary mix very naturally with these Aborigine strangers. The women swim together and share food and Peter as been drawn to a particular man within the tribe. The man looks at the drawings they had done earlier of a house and realises that they need to find civilisation. He draws them a map, which ends in a house so they know where to go. Before they leave Peter takes in the beauty of their surroundings he ‘knew in that moment that every detail of what he’d seen in the last two weeks he’d remember for he rest of his life.’ He then leads the way via the map to civilisation and Mary follows. It makes you hope that they will take back with them into their ‘civilised’ culture all they have learned from the Aboriginal people and their strange ways of life with their fantasy lands, spiritual gods and there true sense of belonging.